go get github.com/parseapi/go

parse, err := parseapi.New("your-api-key")
if err != nil {
    return err
}
country, err := parse.Country(ctx, "US")

Import parseapi "github.com/parseapi/go". Every call takes a context.Context first and returns a typed result plus an error. Check the error before using the result. Get a key at parseapi.com. An empty key reads PARSEAPI_KEY.

API versions

This SDK sends Parse-Version: 2.0.0 on every request, including retries. Its response types match API 2.0.0, and the client selects that contract automatically. No extra constructor setting or key change is needed. This behavior requires the matching API request-version release.

The team setting in Dashboard API version is the default for requests without a version header. This SDK's header takes precedence without changing that saved default. Existing published packages keep their documented behavior.

Test the new SDK dependency in staging, then deploy the same locked dependency with your application code and existing production key. Future major SDK upgrades can deliberately select a newer API contract, so review their migration notes before upgrading. Rolling back the code and dependency restores the contract selected by that SDK release. If the older SDK does not send a version header, its requests use the team default, which must stay unchanged through that rollback window.

Keep the package version locked in your dependency configuration or lockfile. The selected API contract stays fixed across releases within this planned SDK major. See API versions and migration.

Weather from a postal code

Start with the postal code, then pass its coordinates to weather. Reuse the client from the example above.

place, err := parse.Postal(ctx, "28202", parseapi.PostalOptions{Country: "US"})
if err != nil {
    return err
}
if place.Latitude != nil && place.Longitude != nil {
    weather, err := parse.Weather(ctx, *place.Latitude, *place.Longitude)
    if err != nil {
        return err
    }
    fmt.Println(weather)
}

The coordinates represent the postal area. Weather is for that point. Missing coordinates skip the weather lookup. This composition performs two ordinary lookups when coordinates are available, with the retry policy below.

Import fmt for this example. Place it inside a function that returns error.

Supply the context you know

Pass country when a postal code or national phone number needs disambiguation. A complete international phone number already carries its country context. For a numeric date such as 03/04/2026, supply the intended format. Defaults resolve what the input establishes. Ambiguous input needs your context.

Results are plain data. Pass a returned code or coordinate to another operation when the task needs it. Check nullable values before composing the next call.

Name paid deep includes flat short, directory, and initials fields beside gender and salutation. NameLocale selects CLDR formatting rules and defaults to en. It changes formatting only. Country remains gender context, and unavailable formatting is null. Older responses may omit these fields.

Display language

This source candidate accepts an optional language for supported display fields. It requires the matching API localization release and data.

country, err := parse.Country(ctx, "DE", parseapi.CountryOptions{Lang: "fr"})
if err != nil {
    return err
}
fmt.Println(country.Name) // Allemagne

lang applies to this request. The next call uses its usual default unless it also supplies a language. Codes, native names, numeric facts and response structure stay unchanged. Missing translations keep the API's documented fallback. Existing deep rules still apply; Date format retains its parsing meaning.

Calls

Choose the operation and pass what you have. Related operations are separate direct calls, and results are plain data.

country, err := parse.Country(ctx, "US")
states, err := parse.CountryStates(ctx, "US")
postal, err := parse.Postal(ctx, "28202", parseapi.PostalOptions{Country: "US"})
city, err := parse.City(ctx, "charlotte", parseapi.CityOptions{State: "NC", Country: "US"})
phone, err := parse.Phone(ctx, "+14155552671")

Optional query inputs use one options value. Omit it to use defaults. Use named fields, such as PostalOptions{Country: "US"}. Passing more than one options value returns an error before making a request. Every operation reserves its own options type, including operations whose options are currently empty. New optional fields can be added without changing calls or stored method signatures.

parse.IP(ctx, "8.8.8.8", parseapi.IPOptions{Deep: true})
parse.Email(ctx, "hello@example.com", parseapi.EmailOptions{Deep: true})
parse.Card(ctx, "424242")
parse.ASN(ctx, "AS13335")
parse.Name(ctx, "Andrea", parseapi.NameOptions{Country: "IT"})
parse.Name(ctx, "Robert James Smith", parseapi.NameOptions{Deep: true, NameLocale: "en"})
parse.Carrier(ctx, "+14155552671")
parse.Caller(ctx, "+18004633339")
parse.HLR(ctx, "+447712345678")
parse.UserAgent(ctx, "Mozilla/5.0")
parse.DNS(ctx, "example.com")
parse.DNS(ctx, "_dmarc.example.com", parseapi.DNSOptions{Type: "TXT"})
parse.Industry(ctx, "541511")
parse.IndustrySearch(ctx, "coffee shop", parseapi.IndustrySearchOptions{Limit: 5})
parse.Address(ctx, "123 Main St", parseapi.AddressOptions{Country: "US"})
parse.AddressSearch(ctx, "123 Main", parseapi.AddressSearchOptions{Country: "US", State: "NC"})
parse.Company(ctx, "123456789", parseapi.CompanyOptions{Country: "FR"})
parse.Date(ctx, "03/04/2026", parseapi.DateOptions{Format: "mdy"})
parse.DateToday(ctx, parseapi.DateTodayOptions{To: "2026-12-25"})
parse.Time(ctx, "") // UTC now
parse.Time(ctx, "America/New_York", parseapi.TimeOptions{At: "2026-09-05T15:00:00", To: "Asia/Tokyo"})
parse.TimeAt(ctx, 40.7128, -74.006)
parse.Weather(ctx, 40.7128, -74.006, parseapi.WeatherOptions{Deep: true, Date: "2026-09-01"})

Paid Industry deep includes full definitions, child categories and classification exclusions, each with a description and linked codes. Generic exclusions can have no linked codes. Omitted or null exclusions in older responses remain unknown. Search results keep country and year on the envelope and optional depth on each result. They also include core match: the matched field (name, term or naics) and text, plus corrections with from and to tokens for typo fallback. Corrections are empty for exact, plural and prefix matches. Direct code lookups omit match. Older responses may omit it.

Use named fields when constructing response values for fixtures too. Response and options structs reserve room for future fields and cannot be compared with ==. Nullable values are pointers. Unknown JSON fields are accepted. An omitted deep is nil, a requested empty deep is a non-nil object, and unknown fields within it stay nil. Nullable arrays use nil slices.

DNS uses pooled requests on every plan. Omit type to check A, AAAA, CNAME, MX, NS, TXT, SOA, CAA, SRV and PTR. Records contain name, type, ttl in seconds and a DNS presentation value. TXT values retain quoting and chunk boundaries. A selected question can include its CNAME chain. Empty records mean no records. Lookup failures remain errors.

Company directory

CompanyID, CompanySearch, CompanyCoverage retrieve directory profiles, search candidates and edition coverage. Existing national company-number validation stays unchanged. Use at most one of query (sent as q), domain, ticker or identifier, or discover by country or exact industry; country filters the candidates, exchange narrows a ticker and authority narrows an identifier. The API validates combinations. Each call makes one request and does not automatically resolve candidates or fetch linked assets.

page, err := parse.CompanySearch(ctx, parseapi.CompanySearchOptions{Domain: "cloudflare.com", Deep: true})
if err != nil { return err }
if len(page.Companies) > 0 {
    profile, err := parse.CompanyID(ctx, page.Companies[0].ID, parseapi.CompanyIDOptions{Deep: true})
    if err != nil { return err }
    _ = profile.Deep // *CompanyProfileDeep; fields may be nil
}
coverage, err := parse.CompanyCoverage(ctx)
_ = coverage
_ = err

// Continue a name search with the same selector, filters and limit.
first, err := parse.CompanySearch(ctx, parseapi.CompanySearchOptions{Query: "Example", Country: "US", Limit: 10})
if err != nil { return err }
if first.Next != nil {
    next, err := parse.CompanySearch(ctx, parseapi.CompanySearchOptions{Query: "Example", Country: "US", Limit: 10, Cursor: *first.Next})
    _ = next
    _ = err
}

Directory deep adds detail to each profile in the same pooled request on every plan. Omitted deep, empty deep and partial detail remain distinct; description, logo, social_profiles, phone_numbers, email_addresses, domains, founded, employees, registrations and sources may be absent on older server releases. Sources attribute only their listed selected enrichment fields. Founding precision is preserved separately from incorporation. Missing listings do not establish private ownership, and a domain match does not prove legal identity. Coverage describes the returned edition, not every company worldwide.

Company directory social profiles contain platform, url and handle; unknown metadata stays null. Phone and email records use type for the source-reported purpose. Earlier response fields remain readable by the client.

Discovery example: parse.CompanySearch(ctx, parseapi.CompanySearchOptions{Country: "US", Industry: "0700", IndustryType: "sic"})

Supply Industry and IndustryType together. The supported namespace is sic, with an exact four-digit string such as 0700; leading zeros are meaningful. Country-only discovery is also supported. Filters intersect and may narrow an existing selector. Country matches the profile country, not a headquarters or operating-presence claim. Unknown values do not match a requested filter. Filter-only candidates use match.field: "filters" and match.value: null; reuse the same filters and limit with a returned cursor. Counts describe this directory edition, not complete country coverage.

Time

time returns local ISO at with its UTC offset and integer Unix seconds in unix. Request deep for the display name, exact offset_seconds, whole offset_minutes and next clock change. A conversion target has its own optional deep without a next-change field. Historical offsets and ISO times can include offset seconds. Omitted at means now. With to or targets, an offsetless at is source wall time. Otherwise it is UTC. Include an offset for repeated local times around a clock change. Current time and conversion use pooled requests on every plan. Coordinate clock fields can be null when the timezone is unknown. Existing timezone methods remain supported.

For an offsetless at with to or targets, choose how to handle a clock change with disambiguation. It applies to named-zone and coordinate Time calls.

Value	Repeated time	Skipped time
compatible (default)	Earlier occurrence	Shift forward by the clock change
earlier	Earlier occurrence	Shift backward by the clock change
later	Later occurrence	Shift forward by the clock change
reject	400 ambiguous_time	400 nonexistent_time

An explicit UTC offset selects an instant directly. For example, 2026-11-01T01:30:00-04:00 and 2026-11-01T01:30:00-05:00 identify the two New York occurrences. A valid disambiguation value has no effect on explicit instants, current-time requests or lookups without to or targets. For user-entered appointment times, start with reject. Handle ambiguous_time or nonexistent_time by collecting an explicit offset or an earlier/later choice from the user. Other malformed input still uses invalid_request.

result, err := parse.Time(ctx, "America/New_York", parseapi.TimeOptions{
    At: "2026-11-01T01:30:00", To: "UTC", Disambiguation: "later",
})
if err != nil { return err }
fmt.Println(result.To.At) // 2026-11-01T06:30:00+00:00

Canonical Time deep includes the pinned rule edition in Deep.TimezoneDatabaseVersion and source-wall resolution in Deep.Resolution. Resolution records kind (unique, overlap or gap), the selected policy, signed adjustment_seconds, and chronological alternatives with exact at, Unix seconds and UTC offset. Unique times have an empty alternatives list. Explicit instants, current time and lookups without conversion have null resolution. Destination detail stays compact.

Search serving IANA IDs by city or region, or omit the query to list all (Go and Rust use an empty string). Discovery returns timezone_database_version and sorted timezones. No search matches returns timezones: [].

Pass targets to convert one instant to 1-10 zones in a single pooled request. The native list preserves order and duplicates. Use targets instead of to. The response adds targets, with optional detail inside each target. Unknown source coordinates return targets: null. An unknown destination rejects the whole request with not_found. Omission keeps the original response shape.

zones, err := parse.TimeZones(ctx, "New York")
if err != nil { return err }
fmt.Println(zones.Timezones)
result, err := parse.Time(ctx, "UTC", parseapi.TimeOptions{
    At: "2026-09-24T12:00:00Z", Targets: []string{"America/New_York", "Asia/Tokyo"},
})
if err != nil { return err }
for _, target := range result.Targets {
    fmt.Println(target.Timezone, target.At)
}

Location inputs and timezone filters

parse.Time(ctx, "", parseapi.TimeOptions{IATA: "JFK", Deep: true}) and parse.TimeZones(ctx, "", parseapi.TimeZonesOptions{Country: "US", Details: true}). DST and ObservesDST are *bool so an explicit false is distinct from an omitted filter.

Choose one explicit location input: IP, exact city name or stable city ID, country, IATA airport, ICAO airport, port UN/LOCODE, or address. Country and state can narrow a city or address. State requires country. Address lookup requires US country context and a strict address-point match. Port lookup covers the reviewed port subset, not every assigned UN/LOCODE. IP lookup always uses the supplied IP.

Location calls add location with status, candidates, truncated, source and the typed input. Check status before using the clock: ambiguous or missing locations retain null time fields. Candidate coordinates and IDs can also be null. A country with multiple timezones does not silently choose one. Named-zone and coordinate calls retain their existing signatures.

Timezone discovery accepts country, IANA area, exact signed offset, abbreviation, DST-at-instant and observes-DST-during-year filters. at selects the common instant, sort selects timezone or offset order, and details adds zones rows plus the evaluation at. The default timezones list stays compact. False DST filters are sent explicitly. An abbreviation returns candidate zones rather than choosing one. Observes-DST uses the UTC calendar year containing at.

Source deep adds standard_offset, standard_offset_seconds, signed dst_offset_seconds and season. Seasonal adjustments can be negative. season describes the current DST-flag interval, or the next within 400 days, with actual before/after transition facts and signed change_seconds. Unknown boundaries remain null. These fields are optional and nullable, and destination deep stays compact.

Place statistics and optional detail

Australian postal lookups include core localities with suburb choices (city, state, state_name) on every plan. Null or an omitted field means unknown, while [] means the reviewed reference has no eligible choices. city stays null when the source is ambiguous, even if there is only one eligible choice. Let the user select their suburb and keep manual entry available. These are geographic choices, not mailing-address verification. G-NAF source, adaptations and licence.

Postal and District paid profiles include deep.property_tax where supported. It contains annual_median, currency and period: median annual property tax payable on owner-occupied homes in the statistical area. The amount is adjusted to the final year of the reporting period (YYYY-YYYY). This is an area statistic, not a rate or an individual property bill. Unsupported, missing and censored estimates are null.

place, err := parse.Postal(ctx, "28202", parseapi.PostalOptions{Country: "US", Deep: true})
if err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}
if place.Deep != nil && place.Deep.PropertyTax != nil {
    fmt.Println(place.Deep.PropertyTax.AnnualMedian, place.Deep.PropertyTax.Currency, place.Deep.PropertyTax.Period)
}

Read population as the source’s count for that place boundary. Keep missing or null values unknown and preserve a known zero. State district lists include each district’s population. Postal nearby and distance detail remains metropolitan associations only. Continent population stays in core.

Point returns the timezone ID with the core location. Its optional deep detail adds terrain and compact nearest-city context on every plan. A nearest city is null when none is within 200 km.

Weather returns current conditions by default. Paid deep adds specialist current measurements, forecasts and related detail. A past date is a UTC day and requires deep: it adds deep.history alongside current conditions. Date alone does not request history.

parse.Weather(ctx, 40.7128, -74.006, parseapi.WeatherOptions{Deep: true, Date: "2026-08-15"})

Address search uses context from the form: prefer postal, or city and state. An optional end-user ip is a locality hint for server-side calls. An empty result explains itself with reason: more_input, missing_context or no_matches. With suggestions, reason is null. Older responses may omit it, and future reasons remain strings. Catalog and lookup failures use the existing API errors.

HLR reports status at the last check. live means assigned and connected means reachable at that check. Cached results may be returned. Null means unconfirmed. Deep diagnostics stay within the same metered lookup.

Bank inputs use POST /bank JSON bodies, keeping IBAN and account values out of request URLs. Pass original strings; the server owns normalization and validation. Avoid logging request bodies. IBAN deep can include directory with the immutable edition, resolved country and actual match grain (bank, branch, prefix or none); it is absent if no directory lookup ran. A match does not prove complete country coverage or payment reachability.

Deep

The default call returns the common answer. Request more detail with parse.Country(ctx, "US", parseapi.CountryOptions{Deep: true}). Read those fields from the optional deep member; this does not change the core answer.

Operation	What deep requests
IP	Richer IP fields included with a paid plan. No separate check meter.
Domain	Registration dates, registrar, status and DNSSEC, included with a paid plan. Use DNS for DNS records and MX for mail routing.
Email	A metered mailbox check with deliverability, catch-all, status, reason and address hints, using included email checks or enabled on-demand usage.
Country, State, City, District, Postal	Reference profiles included with a paid plan; place identity and coordinates stay core.
Industry, Company (national number)	Paid technical or registration profiles. Industry hierarchy stays core.
Name, Weather	Paid name context or weather detail; parsing and current conditions stay core.
Phone	Numbering-plan or bank structure detail in the same pooled request on every plan.
Time, Date, Language, Emoji, Point	Optional reference detail in the same pooled request on every plan.
Carrier, HLR	Available place or network detail from the same metered core unit, including Free included units.

Email deep includes mailbox status and the reason for the result, plus a suggested first name, no-reply flag, plus-address tag and mail service. The suggested name is not a verified identity. Unavailable details are null.

Reasons include accepted, invalid_format, invalid_domain, no_mail_server, mailbox_not_found, mailbox_disabled, mailbox_full, catchall, disposable, temporary_failure, rejected and unconfirmed.

Carrier, caller, and HLR are separate metered operations. Choose them explicitly when you need their answers. Ordinary lookups retry twice by default. Metered checks use one attempt by default. Setting retries explicitly can repeat paid usage.

Without deep, the response omits that key. When requested, it is an empty object if access is locked or the operation has no deep fields. Otherwise it contains the available fields. A missing or null field means unknown.

Errors

Every non-2xx response returns *parseapi.Error with Status, Code, Message, Docs, and RequestID. Branch on Code.

_, err := parse.City(ctx, "atlantis")
var apiErr *parseapi.Error
if errors.As(err, &apiErr) && apiErr.Code == "not_found" {
    // No matching city.
}

Network failures, invalid JSON, and context cancellation retain their native Go error types. A failed call returns a nil result.

Requests and retries

Create one client and share it across goroutines. A context deadline covers the whole call, including retry waits. The client timeout defaults to 35 seconds for Stack and 10 seconds for other operations. Cancellation stops the request and any retry wait.

Ordinary lookups retry twice on network failures, 429, 500, 502, 503, and 504. Carrier, caller, and HLR calls use one attempt by default. Deep email and address calls also use one attempt, reserving that behavior for address verification. Address deep currently returns an empty object. An explicit retry setting applies to every call, including metered operations. Additional attempts can be billed.

parse, err := parseapi.New("your-api-key",
    parseapi.WithTimeout(5*time.Second),
    parseapi.WithRetries(0),
)

WithRetries(0) disables all automatic retries. Numeric and HTTP-date Retry-After values within five seconds are honored. Longer waits return the original API error immediately. RetryAfter carries the original header, or nil when absent. Built-in requests do not follow redirects. WithHTTPClient copies your client and keeps redirects disabled. Custom transports must also keep credentials on the requested origin.

Requires Go 1.21 or later. Standard library only.

Full endpoint and field reference

Card

Send 2–11 leading digits as a string. Core returns bin, brand, brand_name and a CDN SVG logo. Brand detection uses reviewed network rules independently of issuer records. Unknown or ambiguous prefixes return null brand fields and a generic logo; a known network without reviewed artwork also uses the generic logo.

Optional Deep adds prefix, issuer, country, type and prepaid, included in the same pooled request on every plan. Six or more digits enable directory matching. Fewer digits return all-null Deep fields. Compare deep.prefix with bin: equal is an exact recorded match; shorter is broader; null is no match. The longest row wins, including null fields. prepaid: null means unknown, not false. This is partial reference data, not card validity or payment acceptance.

card, err := parse.Card(ctx, "51")
if err != nil { return err }
fmt.Println(card.Logo)
details, err := parse.CardWithOptions(ctx, "43737400", parseapi.CardOptions{Deep: true})
if err != nil { return err }
if details.Deep != nil { fmt.Println(details.Deep.Prefix) }

Leading zeros are preserved. Only ASCII spaces, tabs, CR, LF and hyphens are removed; raw input is limited to 64 characters. Invalid prefixes are rejected before dispatch, accepted input is forwarded unchanged. Never send a full card number.

Stack

result, err := parse.Stack(ctx, "example.com")
if err != nil {
    return err
}

Pass a public hostname without a scheme, path, port or IP address. Stack returns the homepage URL and checked_at time, then eight technology arrays: cms, servers, frameworks, ecommerce, analytics, chat, payments and hosting. Each entry contains a technology code, name and nullable version. Multiple CMSs or servers remain separate entries. Empty arrays mean no matches in the checked pages. An unsuccessful check returns null arrays and a null checked_at.

scope identifies homepage or site coverage. pages counts successfully checked HTML pages. partial is true for a homepage-only or incomplete bounded site check, false when the known in-scope candidates finished, and null when no check succeeded. False does not guarantee that every page on the website was discovered.

The complete technology result is included in the core response. The generic deep=true option adds only an empty object and is unnecessary for Stack. Successful checks may be reused for up to 24 hours. pretty optionally formats the wire JSON. Each lookup uses one request and API version 2.0.0 selected by this client.

Stack defaults to 35 seconds per attempt so a first scan has time to finish. Other lookups retain their 10-second default. An explicit client timeout takes precedence.

Emoji catalog additions

Resolve Unicode emoji or a named shortcode, search or browse a bounded catalog, parse emoji positions in text, and convert between Unicode and a selected shortcode source. The ordinary lookup remains four fields:

GET /emoji/rocket

{"emoji":"🚀","name":"Rocket","shortcodes":[":rocket:","rocket"],"category":"Travel & Places"}

Use deep=true for Unicode facts, keywords, tone families and available artwork. Artwork is keyed by style: deep.artwork.openmoji.svg is the SVG URL, and deep.artwork.openmoji.png["72"] is the 72×72 PNG URL (use your language’s map access syntax). The same shape applies to noto and twemoji. Missing styles and formats are omitted. URLs pin immutable artwork editions and retain their bytes. Core values stay unchanged. Text parsing returns emojis with UTF-16 positions; conversion returns text and unresolved tokens with positions and reasons.

The compact JSON catalog contains offline identity, qualification-form and shortcode indexes. Request profile=full when artwork is needed and lang when localized names and keywords are needed. /emoji/metadata carries dataset coverage and shared source notices once. Artwork supports Google Noto, Twemoji and OpenMoji, with real SVG/PNG availability and immutable first-party URLs. A device's emoji font remains the ordinary display.

These additions are a local release candidate until the matching SDK and backend are published. Existing lookup and search contracts are preserved.

City collections

minimum := int64(100000)
page, err := parse.CityList(ctx, parseapi.CityListOptions{
    Country: "JP", MinPopulation: &minimum, Sort: "population", Limit: 20,
})
nearby, err := parse.CityNearbyCoords(ctx, 34.57, 135.48,
    parseapi.CityNearbyCoordsOptions{Radius: 20, Unit: "km", Country: "JP"})
// Existing name search supports opt-in paging.
search, err := parse.CitySearch(ctx, "Sak", parseapi.CitySearchOptions{Page: true})

Browse the curated City catalog or list cities around a supplied coordinate. These operations return next_cursor, which is null at the end. Treat it as opaque and reuse all filters, limit, language, hierarchy and deep settings for the next page. Existing name searches and named nearby calls include pagination metadata only when paging or a cursor is requested.

Collection options include minimum and maximum population, an exact IANA timezone, and bbox in west,south,east,north order. A west bound greater than east crosses the dateline. Population filtering and sorting use the same count as paid Deep: an admitted observation when available, otherwise the stored count. Missing counts do not match a population range and sort last; legacy counts keep unknown dates. Coverage and observation dates vary by place.

Collections support name, population, country and elevation; search also supports relevance, and nearby supports distance. Combine up to three signed terms, for example sort=-population,name. A signed multi-key sort does not also take order. Population defaults to descending order; other sorts default to ascending. Set order to asc or desc, except relevance only supports ascending. Named nearby uses country and state to select the anchor; population, timezone and bounding box filter the returned neighbors. Coordinate nearby applies country and state to its returned cities.

Canonical City operations

Classic lookup, search, nearest and named-nearby methods retain their default envelopes and required-field models. Browse and coordinate-nearby use canonical lists: object, data and nullable next_cursor (camelCase properties in Swift/Kotlin). Keep all query options unchanged when continuing a page; no client fetches pages automatically.

page, err := parse.CitySearchList(ctx, "Viena", parseapi.CitySearchListOptions{
    Match: "fuzzy", MaxDistance: 1, })
children, err := parse.CityChildren(ctx, "city_7aj899nvwyku")
distance, err := parse.CityDistance(ctx, "city_7aj899nvwyku", "city_7aj899nvwyku")

Explicit resource and search-list/nearby-list methods return complete City resources with id and object. Existing classic methods keep their published return types. Country inclusion/exclusion sets, timezone sets, inclusive population and meter-elevation bounds, stored-center bbox and signed multi-key sorting are available for collections. Unknown numeric facts do not match range filters.

Search defaults to prefix matching. Exact and fuzzy matching are explicit; fuzzy accepts maximum edit distance 1 or 2 and returns match evidence (type, source, value, language, edit_distance). Review a fuzzy choice before storing its ID.

Reviewed children, ancestors and siblings use canonical lists with partial relationship coverage. Empty data does not prove there are no geographic relatives. Children/siblings accept page controls; ancestors do not. Distance reports great-circle kilometers and miles between stored centers: zero is known zero, null is unknown, and it does not imply travel time or containment.

Strict ambiguity=error can return HTTP 409 ambiguous_city with up to two safe candidate identities. The existing error constructor and unrelated error metadata are preserved; candidates are retained only for that status/code and never contain Deep. GeoJSON is available through HTTP; these typed City list methods do not return GeoJSON.

Reviewed name forms:

city, err := parse.CityIDResource(ctx, "city_7aj899nvwyku", parseapi.CityIDResourceOptions{Provenance: true, Romanized: true})

Coverage by country and available fields is described at https://parseapi.com/city#coverage.

romanized=true requests reviewed official name forms as name_romanized and romanization_language (camelCase in Swift/Kotlin). Current reviewed forms cover 20 Japanese whole-city aliases in ja-Latn. Missing or conflicting forms stay null; ASCII folding is not substituted for an official form.

Conditional If-None-Match reads and GeoJSON currently use HTTP directly. A matching City ETag returns 304 without a body; ordinary billing and rate limits apply. These JSON client methods do not supply conditional-cache handling.