modelstudioai · heimanba · Aug 14, 2026 · Aug 11, 2026 · Aug 14, 2026 · Aug 14, 2026
diff --git a/.changeset/bailian-native-deployments.md b/.changeset/bailian-native-deployments.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+"@openagentpack/sdk": minor
+---
+
+Bailian: implement native Deployment support against the Agent Studio `/deployments` API (create, get, list, update, archive, run, pause/unpause), replacing the previous emulated session expansion. Deployment schedules now run server-side; `user.define_outcome` events and `github_repository` resources are dropped from the deployment payload and surface a warning on plan.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ Beta testers can install `@openagentpack/cli@beta`; see the [release guide](./do
 | MCP Server | native | native | native | native |
 | Memory Store | unsupported | native | native | native |
 | Multi-Agent | unsupported | unsupported | native | native |
-| Deployment | emulated | native | native | emulated |
+| Deployment | native | native | native | emulated |
 | Session | native | native | native | native |
 
 The full capability matrix and per-provider differences live in the [Provider reference](./docs/reference/providers.md).

diff --git a/README.zh-CN.md b/README.zh-CN.md
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ Beta 用户可以安装 `@openagentpack/cli@beta`；固定版本及切回稳定
 | MCP Server | native | native | native | native |
 | Memory Store | unsupported | native | native | native |
 | Multi-Agent | unsupported | unsupported | native | native |
-| Deployment | emulated | native | native | emulated |
+| Deployment | native | native | native | emulated |
 | Session | native | native | native | native |
 
 完整能力矩阵与各 Provider 差异见 [Provider 参考](./docs/reference/providers.zh-CN.md)。

diff --git a/docs/architecture/how-it-works.md b/docs/architecture/how-it-works.md
@@ -63,4 +63,4 @@ agents state import <address> <remote-id>
 
 Resources (agents, environments, skills…) are **infrastructure** — long-lived, managed by `plan`/`apply`. A **session** is a **runtime** conversation started from an agent. Sessions are managed separately with `agents session` and are not part of the plan/apply lifecycle.
 
-Deployments sit between the two: they are declared as resources but produce runs. On Qoder and Claude they schedule server-side; on Bailian and Volcengine Ark a `deployment run` expands into a session.
+Deployments sit between the two: they are declared as resources but produce runs. On Bailian, Qoder, and Claude they schedule server-side; on Volcengine Ark a `deployment run` expands into a session.
diff --git a/docs/concepts/agents-as-code.md b/docs/concepts/agents-as-code.md
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Because the declaration is a file, it gets everything a file gets: code review,
 - The **agent harness** is the provider-managed layer that wraps a model into an agent: knowledge base, skills, MCP wiring, prompt/instructions, vault, deployment, multi-agent orchestration. These are the customer's portable assets.
 - The **agent infra** is the interchangeable execution substrate beneath the harness — the specific provider (Bailian, Qoder, Claude, Volcengine Ark) that runs the agent.
 
-OpenAgentPack's portability claim is that the same harness declaration can target different agent infra. Portability means the *core declaration* is portable and the per-provider **capability contract** is explicit — unsupported facets degrade gracefully (for example, an emulated `Deployment` on Bailian/Volcengine Ark) — not that every feature is identical on every provider.
+OpenAgentPack's portability claim is that the same harness declaration can target different agent infra. Portability means the _core declaration_ is portable and the per-provider **capability contract** is explicit — unsupported facets degrade gracefully (for example, an emulated `Deployment` on Volcengine Ark) — not that every feature is identical on every provider.
 
 ## What this enables
 

diff --git a/docs/concepts/sessions-and-deployments.md b/docs/concepts/sessions-and-deployments.md
@@ -24,17 +24,18 @@ How a deployment *runs* depends on the provider's capability tier:
 |----------|:--------------:|------------------------------------|
 | Claude | native | schedules server-side through the deployments API |
 | Qoder | native | creates a deployment run and associated session |
-| Bailian, Ark | emulated | expands into a one-shot session at run time |
+| Bailian | native | triggers a server-side run through the deployments API |
+| Ark | emulated | expands into a one-shot session at run time |
 
-On the emulated providers, scheduling and outcome rubrics are **not** enforced server-side — use external cron/CI for always-on or scheduled runs.
+On Ark (the emulated provider), scheduling and outcome rubrics are **not** enforced server-side — use external cron/CI for always-on or scheduled runs.
 
 ## The lifecycle in one picture
 
 ```text
 agents.yaml ──plan/apply──▶ managed resources (agent, environment, …)
                                │
                                └─session create/run──▶ runtime session
-                               └─deployment run──────▶ runtime session (emulated) or scheduled run (native)
+                               └─deployment run──────▶ scheduled run (native) or runtime session (emulated on Ark)
 ```
 
 Next: [Run sessions](../guides/run-sessions.md) and [Manage deployments](../guides/manage-deployments.md).
diff --git a/docs/examples.md b/docs/examples.md
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ agents destroy
 | MCP Server | native | native | native | native |
 | Memory Store | unsupported | native | native | native |
 | Multi-Agent | unsupported | unsupported | native | native |
-| Deployment | emulated | native | native | emulated |
+| Deployment | native | native | native | emulated |
 | Session | native | native | native | native |
 
 See [Provider reference](./reference/providers.md) for per-provider configuration and notes.
diff --git a/docs/guides/configure-an-agent.zh-CN.md b/docs/guides/configure-an-agent.zh-CN.md
@@ -484,7 +484,7 @@ Deployment 是介于「定义」与「运行」之间的声明式中间层。它
 - **部署层**（Deployment）：声明「用哪个 Agent、带哪些绑定、以什么初始事件和调度运行」。
 - **运行层**（Session）：一次具体的执行实例。
 
-> Provider 差异：Qoder 和 Claude 原生支持 Deployment（对应平台的 deployments API，可服务端调度）；百炼、火山方舟为**模拟**实现——`apply` 只写本地状态（`remote_id` 为 `null`），`agents deployment run` 时展开为一个 Session。详见 [Provider 参考](../reference/providers.zh-CN.md#模拟emulated资源的能力降级)。
+> Provider 差异：百炼、Qoder 和 Claude 原生支持 Deployment（对应平台的 deployments API，可服务端调度）；火山方舟为**模拟**实现——`apply` 只写本地状态（`remote_id` 为 `null`），`agents deployment run` 时展开为一个 Session。百炼上 `user.define_outcome` 事件和 `github_repository` 资源不在部署 payload 内，plan 时会输出警告。详见 [Provider 参考](../reference/providers.zh-CN.md#原生-deployment-的-payload-裁剪)。
 
 ### 定义 Deployment
 

diff --git a/docs/guides/deploy-to-bailian.md b/docs/guides/deploy-to-bailian.md
@@ -26,11 +26,11 @@ providers:
 | Environment, Vault, Skill, Agent, MCP Server, Session | native |
 | Memory Store | unsupported |
 | Multi-Agent | unsupported |
-| Deployment | emulated |
+| Deployment | native |
 
 - Skills upload as a zip via the Files API (two-step).
 - MCP servers are **official managed servers** referenced by `name` (no vault needed for them).
-- `deployment run` expands into a one-shot session; scheduling/outcome rubrics are not enforced server-side.
+- Deployments are native: `apply` creates the remote deployment, `schedule` runs server-side (cron + timezone), and `deployment run` triggers a server-side run. `user.define_outcome` events and `github_repository` resources are not part of the deployment payload and surface a warning on plan.
 
 ## Minimal agent
 

diff --git a/docs/guides/manage-deployments.md b/docs/guides/manage-deployments.md
@@ -73,12 +73,14 @@ Qoder deployments may also declare `environment_variables` as a semicolon- or ne
 |----------|:--------------:|----------------------------|
 | Claude | native | schedules server-side through the deployments API |
 | Qoder | native | creates a deployment run and associated session |
-| Bailian, Ark | emulated | expands into a one-shot session at run time |
+| Bailian | native | triggers a server-side run through the deployments API |
+| Ark | emulated | expands into a one-shot session at run time |
 
-On the emulated providers, scheduling and outcome rubrics are **not** enforced server-side — use external cron/CI for always-on or scheduled runs.
+On Ark (the emulated provider), scheduling and outcome rubrics are **not** enforced server-side — use external cron/CI for always-on or scheduled runs. On Bailian, `user.define_outcome` events and `github_repository` resources are dropped from the deployment payload and surface a warning on plan.
 
 ## Examples
 
 - Native deployment + outcome rubric: [`examples/claude/deployment/`](../../examples/claude/deployment/)
 - Native deployment + memory store: [`examples/qoder/deployment/`](../../examples/qoder/deployment/)
-- Emulated deployment + file resources: [`examples/bailian/deployment/`](../../examples/bailian/deployment/) and [`examples/ark/deployment/`](../../examples/ark/deployment/)
+- Native deployment + file resources: [`examples/bailian/deployment/`](../../examples/bailian/deployment/)
+- Emulated deployment + file resources: [`examples/ark/deployment/`](../../examples/ark/deployment/)
diff --git a/docs/reference/cli.md b/docs/reference/cli.md
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ Manage scheduled / triggered deployments.
 | `deployment get <name>` | Show a deployment's status and resolved bindings. |
 | `deployment pause <name>` | Pause scheduled runs for a native deployment. |
 | `deployment unpause <name>` | Resume a paused native deployment. |
-| `deployment run <name>` | Trigger a deployment run (native on Qoder/Claude, emulated as a session on Bailian/Volcengine Ark). |
+| `deployment run <name>` | Trigger a deployment run (native on Bailian/Qoder/Claude, emulated as a session on Volcengine Ark). |
 
 ## `agents memory-store`
 

diff --git a/docs/reference/providers.md b/docs/reference/providers.md
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ OpenAgentPack targets multiple agent platforms behind one declarative config. Ea
 | MCP Server | native | native | native | native | Bailian uses official managed servers referenced by name. |
 | Memory Store | unsupported | native | native | native | Qoder, Claude (beta), and Ark adapters implement the complete upstream lifecycle. |
 | Multi-Agent | unsupported | unsupported | native | native | Coordinator topology is available on Claude and Volcengine Ark. |
-| Deployment | emulated | native | native | emulated | Qoder and Claude use native deployments; Bailian and Ark expand a deployment into a session at `run` time. |
+| Deployment | native | native | native | emulated | Bailian, Qoder, and Claude use native deployments; Ark expands a deployment into a session at `run` time. |
 | Session | native | native | native | native | Runtime sessions are native on every provider. |
 
 - **native** — the provider supports the feature directly.
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ The resource matrix above answers whether a declaration can be applied. The tabl
 |------------------|:-------:|:-----:|:------:|:--------------:|----------------------|
 | List agents, environments, and vaults | yes | yes | yes | yes | Powers resource discovery in the Web UI. |
 | Export resources to YAML (`sync`) | yes | yes | yes | limited | Ark cannot enumerate skills, so skill export is skipped. |
-| Full drift comparison | Environment, Agent | Environment, Agent | no | no | Other supported resources degrade to existence checks; emulated deployments are local state. |
+| Full drift comparison | Environment, Agent | Environment, Agent | no | no | Other supported resources degrade to existence checks; deployment content is never compared. |
 | List uploaded files | yes | yes | yes | yes | File upload, metadata lookup, and deletion are also implemented by all adapters. |
 | Resolve artifact download URL | no | yes | no | no | Qoder exposes a short-lived file content URL. |
 | List skills | yes | yes | yes | no | Ark supports lookup by ID, but its adapter cannot enumerate skills. |
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ The resource matrix above answers whether a declaration can be applied. The tabl
 
 ### Notable provider-specific behavior
 
-- **Bailian:** skill upload uses the Files API and supports scan-status polling; agent updates create provider-side versions. Official MCP servers are referenced by name.
+- **Bailian:** skill upload uses the Files API and supports scan-status polling; agent updates create provider-side versions. Official MCP servers are referenced by name. Deployments are native, with server-side cron schedules, manual runs, and pause/unpause.
 - **Qoder:** tool names are translated from the lowercase config vocabulary to PascalCase. Session sends return a cursor, enabling resumable event consumption. Deployments are native and support manual or scheduled runs.
 - **Claude:** deployments are native, including their server-side lifecycle. It is currently the only adapter that downloads remote skill packages during `sync`.
 - **Volcengine Ark:** skills are create + get + attach only in the API behavior verified by this project. Updates re-upload a new skill; list and in-place update are unavailable; deletion is best-effort. Deployment is emulated as a session.

diff --git a/docs/reference/providers.zh-CN.md b/docs/reference/providers.zh-CN.md
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ OpenAgentPack 通过 Provider 适配器与不同的 AI Agent 平台交互。每
 | MCP Server | native | native | native | native | 通过 Agent 的 MCP 配置挂载 |
 | Memory Store | unsupported | native | native | native | Qoder、Claude（beta）、方舟均已接入 |
 | Multi-Agent | unsupported | unsupported | native | native | Claude 与 火山方舟 支持 coordinator |
-| Deployment | emulated | native | native | emulated | Qoder 和 Claude 使用原生 Deployment；百炼和火山方舟在 `run` 时展开为 Session |
+| Deployment | native | native | native | emulated | 百炼、Qoder 和 Claude 使用原生 Deployment；火山方舟在 `run` 时展开为 Session |
 | Session | native | native | native | native | 四者均原生支持 |
 
 ### Adapter 实现能力对照表
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ OpenAgentPack 通过 Provider 适配器与不同的 AI Agent 平台交互。每
 |----------------|:----:|:-----:|:------:|:--------:|----------|
 | 枚举 Agent、Environment、Vault | yes | yes | yes | yes | 用于 Web UI 的云端资源发现 |
 | 导出资源到 YAML（`sync`） | yes | yes | yes | limited | 方舟无法枚举 Skill，因此会跳过 Skill 导出 |
-| 完整 Drift 内容比较 | Environment、Agent | Environment、Agent | no | no | 其他已支持资源降级为存在性检查；模拟 Deployment 仅有本地状态 |
+| 完整 Drift 内容比较 | Environment、Agent | Environment、Agent | no | no | 其他已支持资源降级为存在性检查；Deployment 不比较内容 |
 | 枚举已上传文件 | yes | yes | yes | yes | 四个 Adapter 也都实现上传、元数据查询和删除 |
 | 获取产物下载 URL | no | yes | no | no | Qoder 可返回短期有效的文件内容 URL |
 | 枚举 Skill | yes | yes | yes | no | 方舟可按 ID 查询，但当前无法枚举 |
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ OpenAgentPack 通过 Provider 适配器与不同的 AI Agent 平台交互。每
 
 #### Provider 特有实现与限制
 
-- **百炼**：Skill 通过 Files API 上传并支持扫描状态轮询；Agent 更新会生成平台侧版本；官方 MCP Server 按名称引用。
+- **百炼**：Skill 通过 Files API 上传并支持扫描状态轮询；Agent 更新会生成平台侧版本；官方 MCP Server 按名称引用；Deployment 为原生资源，支持服务端 cron 调度、手动触发和暂停/恢复。
 - **Qoder**：配置中的小写工具名会转换为 PascalCase；Session 发送返回游标，可恢复事件消费；Deployment 为原生资源，支持手动或定时运行。
 - **Claude**：Deployment 是原生资源，具有服务端生命周期；当前只有 Claude Adapter 会在 `sync` 时下载远端 Skill 包。
 - **火山方舟**：经本项目验证的 Skill API 行为仅支持创建、按 ID 查询和挂载。更新会重新上传，无法枚举和原地更新，删除为 best-effort；Deployment 由 Session 模拟。
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ OpenAgentPack 通过 Provider 适配器与不同的 AI Agent 平台交互。每
 | Skill | existence | existence | existence | existence | 可发现缺失/删除，不比较包内容 |
 | Vault | existence | existence | existence | existence | 凭证内容通常不可读回，不比较内容 |
 | Memory Store | unsupported | existence | existence | existence | 可发现资源缺失 |
-| Deployment | unsupported | native | native 路径待验证 | unsupported | 百炼和火山方舟的 emulated Deployment 为本地记录 |
+| Deployment | unsupported | native | native 路径待验证 | unsupported | 百炼 Deployment 为原生资源但不比较内容；火山方舟的 emulated Deployment 仅为本地记录 |
 
 Claude 的 drift detection 接口路径已预留；本仓库中的 live baseline 因 Anthropic API 账号余额不足未完成 Agent 创建验证。
 
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ qoder.multiagent.unsupported:
 
 ### 模拟（emulated）资源的能力降级
 
-`emulated` 等级表示 Provider 没有对应的原生原语，OpenAgentPack 通过其他原语间接实现。Deployment 在百炼和火山方舟上为模拟实现：`apply` 时**不调用**部署 API（状态记录的 `remote_id` 为 `null`），而是在 `agents deployment run` 时展开为一个 Session 并回放 `initial_events`。
+`emulated` 等级表示 Provider 没有对应的原生原语，OpenAgentPack 通过其他原语间接实现。Deployment 在火山方舟上为模拟实现：`apply` 时**不调用**部署 API（状态记录的 `remote_id` 为 `null`），而是在 `agents deployment run` 时展开为一个 Session 并回放 `initial_events`。
 
 部分子特性在 emulated Provider 上无法在服务端执行。`plan`/`apply` 阶段会输出**警告**（不阻断部署），`run` 时尽力降级：
 
@@ -153,13 +153,30 @@ qoder.multiagent.unsupported:
 示例诊断输出：
 
 ```
-⚠ bailian.deployment.schedule_unsupported
-  Resource: deployment.daily-report (bailian)
+⚠ ark.deployment.schedule_unsupported
+  Resource: deployment.daily-report (ark)
   Schedules are not enforced server-side on this provider; trigger runs via external cron/CI.
 
+⚠ ark.deployment.define_outcome_unsupported
+  Resource: deployment.daily-report (ark)
+  Outcome rubrics (user.define_outcome) are not enforced server-side on this provider; the run executes without rubric grading.
+```
+
+### 原生 Deployment 的 payload 裁剪
+
+百炼 Deployment 是原生资源，但其 payload 比 OpenAgentPack 的中立声明更窄：`initial_events` 只承载消息，`resources` 只接受文件。被丢弃的字段会在 `plan`/`apply` 阶段输出**警告**：
+
+| 子特性 | 百炼行为 | 替代建议 |
+|--------|----------|---------|
+| `initial_events` 中的 `user.define_outcome` | 从 payload 中丢弃，不做结果评分 | 将要求写入 `user.message` / `system.message` |
+| `resources` 中的 `github_repository` | 从 payload 中丢弃 | 在 Session 内克隆仓库 |
+
+示例诊断输出：
+
+```
 ⚠ bailian.deployment.define_outcome_unsupported
   Resource: deployment.daily-report (bailian)
-  Outcome rubrics (user.define_outcome) are not enforced server-side on this provider; the run executes without rubric grading.
+  Outcome rubrics (user.define_outcome) are dropped from the Bailian deployment payload; the run executes without rubric grading.
 ```
 
 ## Provider 配置
Original file line number	Diff line number	Diff line change
Expand Up		@@ -63,4 +63,4 @@ agents state import <address> <remote-id>

		Resources (agents, environments, skills…) are infrastructure — long-lived, managed by `plan`/`apply`. A session is a runtime conversation started from an agent. Sessions are managed separately with `agents session` and are not part of the plan/apply lifecycle.

		Deployments sit between the two: they are declared as resources but produce runs. On Qoder and Claude they schedule server-side; on Bailian and Volcengine Ark a `deployment run` expands into a session.
		Deployments sit between the two: they are declared as resources but produce runs. On Bailian, Qoder, and Claude they schedule server-side; on Volcengine Ark a `deployment run` expands into a session.