diff --git a/docs/openapi.yaml b/docs/openapi.yaml
index 929e36008..cca6ba5be 100644
--- a/docs/openapi.yaml
+++ b/docs/openapi.yaml
@@ -729,6 +729,8 @@ paths:
           $ref: "#/components/responses/Unauthorized"
         "403":
           $ref: "#/components/responses/Forbidden"
+        "429":
+          $ref: "#/components/responses/TooManyRequests"
     get:
       operationId: getAccountSession
       tags:
@@ -5957,6 +5959,13 @@ components:
                 msg: Unsupported media type
     TooManyRequests:
       description: Too many requests.
+      headers:
+        Retry-After:
+          description: Seconds to wait before retrying.
+          schema:
+            type: integer
+            format: int64
+            minimum: 1
       content:
         application/json:
           schema:
diff --git a/spx-gui/src/apis/account/index.test.ts b/spx-gui/src/apis/account/index.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fc1a9e523
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spx-gui/src/apis/account/index.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { ApiException, ApiExceptionCode } from '@/apis/common/exception'
+
+import { getPasswordSignInRetryAfter } from '.'
+
+function makeApiException(code: ApiExceptionCode, meta: unknown) {
+  return new ApiException(code, 'request failed', {
+    req: new Request('https://account.example.com/session', { method: 'POST' }),
+    meta
+  })
+}
+
+describe('getPasswordSignInRetryAfter', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    vi.setSystemTime(new Date('2026-07-14T00:00:00Z'))
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.useRealTimers()
+  })
+
+  it('returns a future retry time for generic request throttling', () => {
+    const retryAfter = Date.now() + 30_000
+
+    expect(getPasswordSignInRetryAfter(makeApiException(ApiExceptionCode.errorTooManyRequests, { retryAfter }))).toBe(
+      retryAfter
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('rejects unrelated and invalid retry metadata', () => {
+    expect(
+      getPasswordSignInRetryAfter(
+        makeApiException(ApiExceptionCode.errorRateLimitExceeded, { retryAfter: Date.now() + 30_000 })
+      )
+    ).toBeNull()
+    expect(
+      getPasswordSignInRetryAfter(makeApiException(ApiExceptionCode.errorTooManyRequests, { retryAfter: null }))
+    ).toBeNull()
+    expect(
+      getPasswordSignInRetryAfter(makeApiException(ApiExceptionCode.errorTooManyRequests, { retryAfter: Date.now() }))
+    ).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/spx-gui/src/apis/account/index.ts b/spx-gui/src/apis/account/index.ts
index 9f5011de3..d3de16046 100644
--- a/spx-gui/src/apis/account/index.ts
+++ b/spx-gui/src/apis/account/index.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Account APIs for app account.
 
-import { ApiException, ApiExceptionCode } from '@/apis/common/exception'
+import { ApiException, ApiExceptionCode, type RetryAfterMeta } from '@/apis/common/exception'
 import { accountClient, type AccountIdentityProvider, type AccountSession, type AccountUser } from './common'
 import { DefaultException } from '@/utils/exception/base'
 
@@ -33,6 +33,12 @@ export type PasswordSignInPayload = {
   password: string
 }
 
+export function getPasswordSignInRetryAfter(error: unknown): number | null {
+  if (!(error instanceof ApiException) || error.code !== ApiExceptionCode.errorTooManyRequests) return null
+  const retryAfter = (error.meta as RetryAfterMeta | null)?.retryAfter
+  return typeof retryAfter === 'number' && Number.isFinite(retryAfter) && retryAfter > Date.now() ? retryAfter : null
+}
+
 export async function createSessionWithPassword(payload: PasswordSignInPayload): Promise<CurrentAccountSession> {
   return (await accountClient
     .post('/session', {
diff --git a/spx-gui/src/apis/common/client.test.ts b/spx-gui/src/apis/common/client.test.ts
index cdee7ae43..b67ccbbd2 100644
--- a/spx-gui/src/apis/common/client.test.ts
+++ b/spx-gui/src/apis/common/client.test.ts
@@ -51,6 +51,19 @@ function makeRateLimitExceededResponse(retryAfter: string) {
   )
 }
 
+function makeTooManyRequestsResponse(retryAfter: string) {
+  return makeJsonResponse(
+    {
+      code: ApiExceptionCode.errorTooManyRequests,
+      msg: 'Too many requests'
+    },
+    429,
+    {
+      'Retry-After': retryAfter
+    }
+  )
+}
+
 function makeOAuthErrorResponse() {
   return makeJsonResponse(
     {
@@ -130,6 +143,15 @@ describe('Client', () => {
   })
 
   describe('retry-after metadata', () => {
+    it('should parse retry-after metadata for generic request throttling', async () => {
+      fetchMock.mockResolvedValueOnce(makeTooManyRequestsResponse('5'))
+
+      const e = await expectApiException(client.post('/account/session'), ApiExceptionCode.errorTooManyRequests)
+      expect(e.meta).toMatchObject({
+        retryAfter: expect.any(Number)
+      })
+    })
+
     it('should parse retry-after metadata for rate limits', async () => {
       fetchMock.mockResolvedValueOnce(makeRateLimitExceededResponse('2'))
 
diff --git a/spx-gui/src/components/account/sign-in/SignInForm.vue b/spx-gui/src/components/account/sign-in/SignInForm.vue
index f825f4c12..cf7019c26 100644
--- a/spx-gui/src/components/account/sign-in/SignInForm.vue
+++ b/spx-gui/src/components/account/sign-in/SignInForm.vue
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import {
   createSessionWithPassword,
   deleteSession,
   getIdentityProviders,
+  getPasswordSignInRetryAfter,
   getSession
 } from '@/apis/account'
 import type { IdentityProvider, OAuthRequest, PasswordSignInPayload } from '@/apis/account'
@@ -89,6 +90,7 @@ const { fn: handleSwitchAccount, isLoading: isSwitchingAccount } = useMessageHan
 )
 
 const isRedirectingToProvider = ref(false)
+const passwordSignInRetryAfter = ref<number | null>(null)
 
 function handleSignInWithProvider(provider: IdentityProvider) {
   markPendingAuthorization(props.request)
@@ -98,7 +100,14 @@ function handleSignInWithProvider(provider: IdentityProvider) {
 
 const { fn: handleSignInWithPasswordSubmit, isLoading: isSubmittingSignInWithPassword } = useMessageHandle(
   async (payload: PasswordSignInPayload) => {
-    await createSessionWithPassword(payload)
+    try {
+      await createSessionWithPassword(payload)
+    } catch (error) {
+      const retryAfter = getPasswordSignInRetryAfter(error)
+      if (retryAfter == null) throw error
+      passwordSignInRetryAfter.value = retryAfter
+      return
+    }
     completeSignInWithCurrentAccount()
   },
   { en: 'Failed to sign in', zh: '登录失败' }
@@ -167,6 +176,7 @@ const { fn: handleSignInWithPasswordSubmit, isLoading: isSubmittingSignInWithPas
       <PasswordSection
         v-else
         :is-submitting="isSubmittingSignInWithPassword"
+        :retry-after="passwordSignInRetryAfter"
         @submit="handleSignInWithPasswordSubmit"
       />
     </template>
diff --git a/spx-gui/src/components/account/sign-in/password-section/PasswordSection.test.ts b/spx-gui/src/components/account/sign-in/password-section/PasswordSection.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ae4f31216
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spx-gui/src/components/account/sign-in/password-section/PasswordSection.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+import { flushPromises, mount } from '@vue/test-utils'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { createI18n } from '@/utils/i18n'
+
+import PasswordSection from './PasswordSection.vue'
+
+describe('PasswordSection', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.useRealTimers()
+  })
+
+  it('disables submission and counts down until retry is allowed', async () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    vi.setSystemTime(new Date('2026-07-14T00:00:00Z'))
+    const wrapper = mount(PasswordSection, {
+      props: {
+        isSubmitting: false,
+        retryAfter: Date.now() + 61_000
+      },
+      global: {
+        plugins: [createI18n({ lang: 'en' })]
+      }
+    })
+    const submitButton = wrapper.get('button[type="submit"]')
+
+    expect(submitButton.attributes('disabled')).toBeDefined()
+    expect(submitButton.text()).toBe('Try again in 01:01')
+    expect(wrapper.get('input[type="text"]').attributes('disabled')).toBeUndefined()
+    expect(wrapper.get('input[type="password"]').attributes('disabled')).toBeUndefined()
+
+    await wrapper.get('input[type="text"]').setValue('alice')
+    await wrapper.get('input[type="password"]').setValue('password')
+    await wrapper.get('form').trigger('submit')
+    await flushPromises()
+    expect(wrapper.emitted('submit')).toBeUndefined()
+
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(1000)
+    expect(submitButton.text()).toBe('Try again in 01:00')
+
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(60_000)
+    expect(submitButton.attributes('disabled')).toBeUndefined()
+    expect(submitButton.text()).toBe('Sign In')
+
+    await wrapper.get('form').trigger('submit')
+    await flushPromises()
+    expect(wrapper.emitted('submit')).toEqual([[{ username: 'alice', password: 'password' }]])
+
+    wrapper.unmount()
+  })
+
+  it('does not submit while a request is in progress', async () => {
+    const wrapper = mount(PasswordSection, {
+      props: {
+        isSubmitting: true,
+        retryAfter: null
+      },
+      global: {
+        plugins: [createI18n({ lang: 'en' })]
+      }
+    })
+
+    await wrapper.get('input[type="text"]').setValue('alice')
+    await wrapper.get('input[type="password"]').setValue('password')
+    await wrapper.get('form').trigger('submit')
+    await flushPromises()
+    expect(wrapper.emitted('submit')).toBeUndefined()
+
+    await wrapper.setProps({ isSubmitting: false })
+    await wrapper.get('form').trigger('submit')
+    await flushPromises()
+    expect(wrapper.emitted('submit')).toEqual([[{ username: 'alice', password: 'password' }]])
+
+    wrapper.unmount()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/spx-gui/src/components/account/sign-in/password-section/PasswordSection.vue b/spx-gui/src/components/account/sign-in/password-section/PasswordSection.vue
index 86e8c8779..ab9b1d013 100644
--- a/spx-gui/src/components/account/sign-in/password-section/PasswordSection.vue
+++ b/spx-gui/src/components/account/sign-in/password-section/PasswordSection.vue
@@ -1,17 +1,19 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
-import { ref } from 'vue'
+import { computed, ref, watch } from 'vue'
 
 import type { PasswordSignInPayload } from '@/apis/account'
 import { UIForm, UIFormItem, UIFullWidthButton, UIIconTextInput, useForm } from '@/components/ui'
 import { useI18n } from '@/utils/i18n'
+import { useInterval } from '@/utils/utils'
 
 import eyeIconUrl from './eye.svg'
 import eyeOffIconUrl from './eye-off.svg'
 import lockIconUrl from './lock.svg'
 import userIconUrl from './user.svg'
 
-defineProps<{
+const props = defineProps<{
   isSubmitting: boolean
+  retryAfter: number | null
 }>()
 
 const emit = defineEmits<{
@@ -20,6 +22,41 @@ const emit = defineEmits<{
 
 const { t } = useI18n()
 const showPassword = ref(false)
+const now = ref(Date.now())
+
+function updateNow() {
+  now.value = Date.now()
+}
+
+watch(() => props.retryAfter, updateNow)
+
+const retryAfterSeconds = computed(() => {
+  if (props.retryAfter == null) return 0
+  return Math.max(0, Math.ceil((props.retryAfter - now.value) / 1000))
+})
+
+useInterval(
+  updateNow,
+  computed(() => (retryAfterSeconds.value > 0 ? 1000 : null))
+)
+
+const retryAfterCountdown = computed(() => {
+  const minutes = Math.floor(retryAfterSeconds.value / 60)
+  const seconds = retryAfterSeconds.value % 60
+  return `${String(minutes).padStart(2, '0')}:${String(seconds).padStart(2, '0')}`
+})
+
+const isSubmitDisabled = computed(() => props.isSubmitting || retryAfterSeconds.value > 0)
+const submitText = computed(() => {
+  if (retryAfterSeconds.value > 0) {
+    return t({
+      en: `Try again in ${retryAfterCountdown.value}`,
+      zh: `${retryAfterCountdown.value} 后重试`
+    })
+  }
+  if (props.isSubmitting) return t({ en: 'Signing in…', zh: '登录中…' })
+  return t({ en: 'Sign In', zh: '立即登录' })
+})
 
 const form = useForm({
   username: ['', validateUsername],
@@ -54,7 +91,8 @@ function toggleShowPassword() {
   showPassword.value = !showPassword.value
 }
 
-async function handleSubmit() {
+function handleSubmit() {
+  if (isSubmitDisabled.value) return
   emit('submit', { username: form.value.username.trim(), password: form.value.password })
 }
 </script>
@@ -80,8 +118,8 @@ async function handleSubmit() {
       />
     </UIFormItem>
 
-    <UIFullWidthButton primary html-type="submit" class="mt-6" :disabled="isSubmitting">
-      {{ isSubmitting ? $t({ en: 'Signing in…', zh: '登录中…' }) : $t({ en: 'Sign In', zh: '立即登录' }) }}
+    <UIFullWidthButton primary html-type="submit" class="mt-6" :disabled="isSubmitDisabled">
+      {{ submitText }}
     </UIFullWidthButton>
   </UIForm>
 </template>